UGC NET Philosophy Notes (As per Syllabus)By GradsApp / 20 September 2024 Course Content Ṛta: Cosmic Order Governing Both Divine and Human Realms Yajña: Centrality of Sacrificial Rituals in Vedic and Upaniṣadic Thought Theories of Creation: Exploring Creation Myths in Vedic and Upaniṣadic Thought Ātman: Self and Its Relationship with Non-Self in Vedic and Upaniṣadic Thought States of Consciousness: Jāgrat (Waking), Svapna (Dreaming), Susupti (Deep Sleep), and Turiya (Transcendence) Brahman: The Ultimate Reality in Vedic and Upaniṣadic Thought Pratyakṣa: Perception as the Only Valid Source of Knowledge Consciousness as an Epiphenomenon: A Cārvāka Perspective Reality in Jainism: Sat (Existence), Dravya (Substance), Guṇa (Qualities), and Paryāya (Modes) Anekāntavāda: Multiplicity of Perspectives in Jainism Syādvāda: Theory of Conditional Assertions in Jainism Nayavāda: Doctrine of Partial Viewpoints in Jainism Jain Theory of Knowledge Four Noble Truths and the Āṣṭāṅgika Mārga (Eightfold Path) Differences between Brahminic and Śramanic Traditions Pratītyasamutpāda: Dependent Origination Kṣaṇabhāṅgavāda: Doctrine of Momentariness Anātman: Denial of Permanent Self in Buddhism Pramā (Valid Knowledge) and Apramā (Invalid Knowledge) in Nyāya Epistemology Theories of Pramāṇa: Pratyakṣa (Perception), Anumāna (Inference), Upamāna (Comparison), and Śabda (Testimony) in Nyāya Classical Indian Epistemology Hetvābhāsa: Fallacies of Inference in Nyāya Philosophy Pramāṇa-Vyavasthā and Pramāṇa Samplava in Nyāya vs. Buddhism Anyathākhyāti: Theory of Error in Nyāya Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Padārtha: Categories of Reality in Vaiśeṣika Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Asatkāryavāda: Doctrine of Non-Preexistence of Effect in Cause Kinds of Kāraṇa: Samavāyi, Asamavāyi, and Nimitta in Vaiśeṣika Epistemology and Metaphysics Paramāṇu-karaṇavāda: Atomism in Vaiśeṣika Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Satkāryavāda: Doctrine of Pre-Existence of Effect in Cause Prakṛti: Nature and Its Evolutes in Sāṃkhya Philosophy The Existence and Plurality of Puruṣa in Sāṃkhya Philosophy The Relationship between Puruṣa and Prakṛti in Sāṃkhya Philosophy Atheism in Sāṃkhya: Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Patañjali’s Theory of Pramāṇa: Valid Sources of Knowledge in Classical Indian Epistemology Concept of Citta (Mind) and its Modifications (Citta-vṛtti) Role of God in Yoga: A Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Perspective Pramāṇyavāda: Doctrines of Svataḥ-pramāṇyavāda (Self-Validity) and Parataḥ-pramāṇyavāda (Validation through External Factors) Śruti: Sacred Text and Its Classification in Pūrva Mīmāṃsā Vidhi, Niṣedha, and Arthavāda in Pūrva Mīmāṃsā Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Advaita Vedānta: Concept of Brahman, Ātman, Vivartavāda, and Anirvachaniya-khyāti Viśiṣtādvaita: Saguṇa Brahman, Pariṇāmavāda, and Bhakti Dvaita: Dualism, Refutation of Nirguṇa Brahman, and Emphasis on Bhakti Dvaitādvaita, Sudhādvaita, and Jñāna Svarūpa: An In-Depth Study of Classical Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Thales, Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Heraclitus The Sophists and Socrates: Sophists’ Focus on Rhetoric and Socrates’ Emphasis on Ethical Reasoning Theory of Knowledge: Distinction between Knowledge and Opinion in Plato’s Epistemology and Metaphysics The Theory of Ideas: The Realm of Forms The Dialectic Method in Plato’s Classical Western Epistemology and Metaphysics Concept of Soul and God in Plato’s Classical Western Epistemology and Metaphysics Classification of Sciences: Theoretical, Practical, and Productive in Aristotle’s Epistemology and Metaphysics Logic as an Organon in Aristotle’s Classical Western Epistemology and Metaphysics Critique of Plato’s Theory of Ideas Theory of Causation, Form and Matter, Potentiality and Actuality in Aristotle’s Classical Western Epistemology and Metaphysics St. Augustine: The Problem of Evil St. Anselm: Ontological Argument for God’s Existence St. Thomas Aquinas: Faith, Reason, and the Existence of God Descartes: Methodological Skepticism, Cogito Ergo Sum, Cartesian Dualism, and Proofs for God’s Existence Spinoza: Substance, God or Nature, Pantheism Leibniz: Monadology and Pre-established Harmony Locke: Ideas, Rejection of Innate Ideas, and Theory of Knowledge Berkeley: Immaterialism, Esse Est Percipi Hume: Impressions and Ideas, Rejection of Metaphysics, and Skepticism Kant: Critical Philosophy, Copernican Revolution, and Synthetic A Priori Judgments Hegel: Geist, Dialectical Method, and Absolute Idealism Puruṣārtha, Śreyas, and Preyas in Indian Ethics and Modern Western Philosophy Varṇāshrama and Sādhāraṇa Dharma in Modern Western Philosophy and Indian Ethics Ṛna and Yajña: An Exploration in Indian Ethics and Modern Western Philosophy Karma-yoga, Svadharma, and Lokasaṃgraha in Indian Ethics Law of Karma: A Study in Modern Western Philosophy and Indian Ethics Astānga Yoga: A Deep Dive Jainism: Tri-ratna and Panch-vrata Brahma-vihāra and Bodhisattva in the Context of Buddhism Good, Right, Justice, and Duty in Modern Western Philosophy Eudaemonism and Intuitionism in Modern Western Ethics Kant’s Moral Theory: Categorical Imperative, Duty Utilitarianism: Principle of Utility Theories of Punishment Ethical Cognitivism and Non-Cognitivism in Modern Western Ethics Swami Vivekananda: Practical Vedanta and Universal Religion Sri Aurobindo: Evolution and Integral Yoga Muhammad Iqbal: Self, God, Superman Rabindranath Tagore: Religion of Man and Nationalism K.C. Bhattacharyya: Swaraj in Ideas Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Hindu View of Life J. Krishnamurti: Choiceless Awareness Mahatma Gandhi: Truth, Non-Violence, and Satyagraha Bhim Rao Ambedkar: Annihilation of Caste Deendayal Upadhyaya: Integral Humanism Narayana Guru: Social Equality Philosophical Contributions of Thiruvalluvar, Jyotiba Phule, M. N. Roy, Maulana Azad, Sant Bhima Bhoi, and Swami Dayanand Saraswati Frege: Theory of Sense and Reference, Logical Positivism, and the Elimination of Metaphysics Moore’s Philosophical Contributions: Sense and Reference, Refutation of Idealism, Defense of Common Sense, and Proof of an External World Bertrand Russell: Logical Atomism, Definite Descriptions, and Refutation of Idealism Wittgenstein: Language and Reality, Facts and Objects, and the Picture Theory of Language Wittgenstein’s Philosophy Gilbert Ryle: Systematically Misleading Expressions, Category Mistake, and the Concept of Mind A.J. Ayer: The Problem of Knowledge W.V.O. Quine: Two Dogmas of Empiricism H.P. Grice and P.F. Strawson: In Defense of a Dogma Husserl’s Phenomenological Method and Philosophy Heidegger’s Concept of Being: Dasein, Man as Being-in-the-World, and Critique of Technological Civilization 1 of 2