Learning Outcomes:
- Understand the significance of local government in democratic processes.
- Identify the provisions of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments.
- Comprehend the structure, functions, and responsibilities of local government bodies.
Local governments play a critical role in enhancing the democratic processes at the grassroots level. A compelling example is Geeta Rathore, who rose from being a housewife to a renowned Sarpanch of Jamonia Talab Gram Panchayat in Madhya Pradesh. In her tenure, she utilized local resources to improve the village’s infrastructure, fight domestic violence, raise environmental awareness, and implement afforestation and water management projects. Similarly, the Gram Panchayat of Vengaivasal village in Tamil Nadu fought for the autonomy of local bodies when government authorities attempted to infringe on their jurisdiction, showcasing the power of local governance in protecting local interests.
Local government is fundamentally about participation and accountability. It brings governance closer to the people and allows them to be directly involved in decision-making processes that affect their daily lives. The proximity of local government makes it easier and faster to address people’s issues, as illustrated by the efforts of Geeta Rathore and the Vengaivasal Gram Panchayat. In a democracy, the active participation of citizens and accountability of their leaders ensure a robust and responsive system of governance.
Important Note: The story of Geeta Rathore and the Vengaivasal Gram Panchayat demonstrates the potential of local governance to bring about transformative changes when local leaders are committed to the welfare of the people.
India’s history of local government dates back to ancient times, with sabhas or village assemblies playing a pivotal role in self-governance. Over time, these Panchayats evolved, resolving village-level issues through participatory governance. Modern elected local government bodies began emerging after 1882, thanks to the initiative of Lord Rippon, who established local boards. However, the progress was slow, prompting the Indian National Congress to advocate for more effective local bodies.
The Government of India Act of 1919 led to the establishment of Panchayats in several provinces, and this trend continued under the Government of India Act of 1935. However, after independence, the Constitution assigned local government to the States and included it in the Directive Principles of State Policy, which remained non-enforceable. This was because of concerns about local factionalism and the caste-ridden nature of rural society, as expressed by leaders like Nehru and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Although local government received attention post-independence, the real momentum came with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, passed in 1992. Before these amendments, several states, such as Gujarat and Maharashtra, had already adopted elected local bodies, though these lacked adequate powers. Some local bodies were dissolved by State governments, while others faced frequent postponement of elections.
The 73rd and 74th amendments were revolutionary in strengthening local governments across India. These amendments aimed at creating uniformity in local governance structures and enhancing their role in decision-making.
This amendment is crucial for rural local governments, also known as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
Important Note: The 73rd Amendment provides for the reservation of seats for women not only in the general category but also in the seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Tribes, and backward castes, enhancing inclusivity in local governance.
This amendment concerns urban local bodies (Nagarpalikas). It replicates many provisions of the 73rd amendment but applies to urban areas. These provisions include direct elections, reservations, transfer of subjects, and the establishment of State Election Commissions and State Finance Commissions. The Twelfth Schedule lists functions to be transferred from the State government to urban local bodies.
Since these amendments came into force, most states have conducted multiple rounds of elections to local bodies. States like Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have led by holding three elections so far.
Important Note: The presence of women and marginalized communities in local governance has led to significant changes in decision-making, despite tensions arising from the redistribution of power.
While local governments have been empowered legally, their actual functioning has revealed several limitations.
Countries like Bolivia provide valuable insights into successful democratic decentralization. In 1994, Bolivia enacted the Popular Participation Law, which divided the country into 314 municipalities, each governed by elected mayors and councils. Bolivia’s fiscal model includes automatic fiscal transfers to municipalities, ensuring they have sufficient funds for local projects.
| Country | Decentralization Model | Fiscal Autonomy |
|---|---|---|
| India | Panchayati |
Raj Institutions | Limited revenue generation |
| Bolivia | Popular Participation Law | Fiscal transfers ensure autonomy |
The 73rd and 74th Amendments have paved the way for democratic decentralization in India. However, the real challenge lies in effective implementation and the transfer of power to local bodies. Strengthening local governance is essential for empowering people and making democracy more inclusive and responsive.
MCQ:
What is a major challenge facing local governments after the 73rd and 74th Amendments?
Answer: Financial dependence on state and central governments for resources.